Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Manukau Claim

Table of Contents

WAI-8

IN THE MATTER of a Treaty of
Waitangi Act 1975

IN THE MATTER of a claim by
NGANEKO MINHINNICK and Te
Puaha ki Manuka concerning
Manukau Harbour and environs

FINDINGS OF THE WAITANGI TRIBUNAL ON THE MANUKAU CLAIM

Contents

Introduction ............................................... vii

1.0 The nature of the claim .............................. 1

2.0 The record of the hearing ............................ 4

3.0 The guardian families of the Manukau ................. 10
3.1 The first inhabitants ................................ 10
3.2 The arrival of the Tainui ............................ 10
3.3 The arrival of the Ngati Whatua ...................... 10
3.4 The anger of the musket .............................. 11
3.5 The unity of Tainui .................................. 11
3.6 The arrival of the Europeans ......................... 12

4.0 The Land Wars - te riri Pakeha or 'the White-mans anger' 14

5.0 The 'Anger of the Law' ............................... 19
5.1 The loss of customary land ownership ................. 19
5.2 Whakarongo at Awhitu ................................. 19
5.3 Moeatoa marae ........................................ 20
5.4 Compulsory acquisitions of the Waiuku forest ......... 20
5.5 Auckland International Airport ....................... 23
5.6 Makaurau marae and the Manukau Sewage Purification Works 24
5.7 Te Puea marae ........................................ 26
5.8 The story of Pukaki .................................. 26
5.9 The Awhitu lakes ..................................... 30
5.10 Rangariri papkainga .................................. 30
5.11 The workings of the law .............................. 30
5.12 The effect of confiscations and modern laws .......... 31

6.0 The Waters of Manukau - The comprehensive claim ...... 33
6.1 The loss of ownership ................................ 34
6.2 The loss of customary fishing rights and traditional
reserves ............................................. 37
6.3 The loss of the waters - a Maori perspective ......... 39
6.3.1 The loss of water quality and fishing grounds ........ 41
6.3.2 The loss of commercial fishing ....................... 43
6.4 The restoration of the waters - a general public
perspective .......................................... 47
6.5 Planning proposals - a general public perspective .... 50
6.6 Commercial fishing - the Ministry's perspective ...... 51
6.7 The lower Waikato river .............................. 53

7.0 Specific claims ...................................... 54
7.1 The Mangere Sewage Purification Works ................ 54
7.2 The slurry pipeline and the mixing of waters ......... 55
7.3 NZ Steel Ltd, Forest Service and the Maioro mine site 58
7.4 The artefacts of the people .......................... 62
7.5 The LPG wharf terminal ............................... 62

8.0 The Treaty of Waitangi and the Treaty of Waitangi Act
- interpretation .................................... 64
8.1 "Principles" and "practical application" of the Act .. 64
8.2 Principles of Treaty interpretation .................. 64
8.3 The meaning of the Treaty ............................ 65
8.4 Jurisdiction ......................................... 70

9.0 Findings ............................................. 74
9.1 Background findings .................................. 74
9.2 Findings on the comprehensive claim .................. 74
9.2.1 General findings ..................................... 74
9.2.2 Conclusions on the Manukau harbour ................... 74
9.2.3 On the ownership of the harbour ...................... 76
9.2.4 On the control of the harbour ........................ 77
9.2.5 On moratorium on further water rights ................ 77
9.2.6 On Guardians and an action plan ...................... 77
9.2.7 On Maori representation .............................. 80
9.2.8 On the recognition of Maori fishing interests ........ 80
9.2.9 On commercial fishing ................................ 83
9.2.10 On attitudes ......................................... 84
9.2.11 On planning laws and procedures ...................... 86
9.2.12 On development levies ................................ 87
9.3 Findings on specific claims .......................... 88
9.3.1 On compulsory acquisitions in the Waiuku Forest ...... 88
9.3.2 On Pukaki ............................................ 89
9.3.3 On airport fishing restrictions ...................... 90
9.3.4 On the Mangere Sewage Purification Works ............. 90
9.3.5 On the mixing of waters, Maori values and development 90
9.3.6 On mining at Maioro .................................. 92
9.3.7 On Maori artefacts ................................... 93
9.3.8 On the LPG wharf terminal ............................ 93

10.0 Recommendations ...................................... 95